Role of Fecal calprotectin and P-Selectin in intestinal Amoebiasis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54153/sjpas.2025.v7i1.875Keywords:
Entamoeba histolytica, ELISA, Fecal calprotectin,P-selectinAbstract
Entamoeba histolytica a gastrointestinal protozoa causes amoebiasis, which is spread by contaminated water and food. This study aims to diagnose amoebiasis by using the direct wet smear method and PCR assay to detect E.histolytica and other species, as well as investigate levels of some inflammation markers such as fecal calprotectin and P-selectin in sera patients.: A total of 563 stool samples were collected from patients who attended Ibn Al-Atheer Hospital, Al-Khansaa Hospital, and Al-Salam Hospital in the governorate of Nineveh suffered diarrhoea ( infants and children) in the environment during the period extending from June 2023 to November 2023. The result reversed that out of 563 stool specimens examined by direct smear 100 (18%) the infected with amoebiasis cyst or/and Trophzoite found in fecal samples varying from semi-liquid diarrhea (watery or bloody, mucous together). The PCR technique recorded a rate of 74 (74%) on faecal samples. Infection with the parasite E.histolytica. Out of a total of 100 samples that were positive by microscopic examination, the remaining 26 (26%) samples that were negative by PCR technology may belong to other species of the Entamoeba genus. There was a considerable increase in mean concentrations fecal calprotectin and P-selectin in serum patients .fecal calprotectin levels concentration 200.8±96.6ng/ml, compared to the control group, whose average concentration 39.1±15.3ng/ml. Similarly, P-selectin levels in patients were significantly higher compared to the control group, with a mean of 241.8±102.9ng/mL, and 51.2±16.2ng/ml, respectively. The study showed that Amoeba histolytica is a common pathogen that causes diarrhea among children and infants, and high levels of some intestinal inflammatory indicators in the serum of patients
References
1. Raza A, Iqbal Z, Muhammad G, Ahmad M, Hanif K. A Review Open Access Amoebiasis as a Major Risk to Human Health: A Review. Int J. 2013;3(3):13.
2. Espinosa-Cantellano M, Martínez-Palomo A. Pathogenesis of intestinal amebiasis: from molecules to disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13(2):318–9.
3. Espinosa A, Yan L, Zhang Z, Foster L, Clark D, Li E, et al. The bifunctional Entamoeba histolytica alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (EhADH2) protein is necessary for amebic growth and survival and requires an intact C-terminal domain for both alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(23):20136–7.
4. SkA AH. Estimated of some physiological parameter in patients infected with Entamoeba Histolytica in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf province, Iraq. Inter J Sci Engin Techno Res. 2013;2(1):1416.
5. Arosio P, Ingrassia R, Cavadini P. Ferritins: a family of molecules for iron storage, antioxidation and more. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-General Subj. 2009;1790(7):589.
6. Tanyuksel M, Petri Jr WA. Laboratory diagnosis of amebiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16(4):713–4.
7. Who. The world health report 1998–Life in the 21st century: A vision for all. WHO. The World Health Report. 1998.
8. Nagaraja S, Ankri S. Target identification and intervention strategies against amebiasis. Drug Resist Updat [Internet]. 2019;44:1–14. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1368764619300147
9. Haque R, Ali IKM, Akther S, Petri Jr WA. Comparison of PCR, isoenzyme analysis, and antigen detection for diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36(2):449–50.
10. Fonte L, Montalvo AM, Alberti E, Núñez F, Rojas L. Overdiagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis associated to serial microscopical examination of faeces: Some precisions on a problem. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1998;93:799–800.
11. Bjerke K, Halstensen TS, Jahnsen F, Pulford K, Brandtzaeg P. Distribution of macrophages and granulocytes expressing L1 protein (calprotectin) in human Peyer’s patches compared with normal ileal lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes. Gut. 1993;34(10):1357–8.
12. Røseth AG, Fagerhol MK, Aadland E, Schjønsby H. Assessment of the neutrophil dominating protein calprotectin in feces: a methodologic study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1992;27(9):794.
13. Bunn SK, Bisset WM, Main MJC, Golden BE. Fecal calprotectin as a measure of disease activity in childhood inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;32(2):173.
14. Summerton CB, Longlands MG, Wiener K, Shreeve DR. Faecal calprotectin: a marker of inflammation throughout the intestinal tract. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002 Aug;14(8):842.
15. Panés J, Perry M, Granger DN. Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion: avenues for therapeutic intervention. Br J Pharmacol. 1999;126(3):537.
16. Bevilacqua MP, Nelson RM. Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules in inflammation and metastasis. Thromb Haemost. 1993;70(07):153.
17. Issekutz AC, Issekutz TB. The role of E-selectin, P-selectin, and very late activation antigen-4 in T lymphocyte migration to dermal inflammation. J Immunol. 2002;168(4):1933.
18. Organization WH, Chiodini PL. Basic laboratory methods in medical parasitology. World Health Organization; 1991.
19. Duffy T, Cura CI, Ramirez JC, Abate T, Cayo NM, Parrado R, et al. Analytical Performance of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay Using TaqMan Probes for Quantification of Trypanosoma cruzi Satellite DNA in Blood Samples. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(1).
20. Chen H, Rangasamy M, Tan SY, Wang H, Siegfried BD. Evaluation of five methods for total DNA extraction from western corn rootworm beetles. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e11963.
21. Santos HLC, Peralta RHS, Macedo HW de, Barreto MGM, Peralta JM. Comparison of multiplex-PCR and antigen detection for differential diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica. Brazilian J Infect Dis. 2007;11:6.
22. Sukprasert S, Rattaprasert P, Hamzah Z, Shipin O V, Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmitr P. PCR detection of Entamoeba spp from surface and waste water samples using genus-specific primers. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2008;39(1):6.
23. Ziguer AM, Mahdi DS, Khalaf AK. Molecular detection of Entamoeba spp. By using multiplex PCR in Thi-Qar province. Biochem Cell Arch Vol. 2020;20(2):6366.
24. Ali OS, Mohammad SA, Salman YJ. Relationship between Entamoeba histolytica and Fecal Calprotectin in Patients with Gastroenteritis in Kirkuk City-Iraq. Egypt J Med Microbiol. 2018;27(2):54.
25. Salman YJ, Al-Taee ARA, Abid AM. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia among Iraqi displaced peoples in Kirkuk Province. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2016;5(1):755.
26. Sayel YK. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among children in Baghdad. M. Sc. thesis. Coll. Sci. Bagh dad Univ; 2005. p. 6.
27. Ismaiel MT. Detection of intestinal parasites among primary shool children in Hama-Syria. J Med Lab Diag. 2011;10:10.
28. Hamzy M, Dabboussi F, AL-Ali K, Ourabi L. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in Northern Lebanon. Estr Miditerian Heal J. 2003;10(3):345.
29. Youssef M, Shurman A, Bougnoux ME, Rawashdeh M, Bretagne S, Strockbine N. Bacterial, viral and parasitic enteric pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in hospitalized children from northern Jordan. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2000;28(3):261.
30. Gaucher D, Chadee K. Prospect for an Entamoeba histolytica Gal‐lectin‐based vaccine. Parasite Immunol. 2003;25(2):57.
31. Holtman GA, Lisman-van Leeuwen Y, Kollen BJ, Norbruis OF, Escher JC, Kindermann A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of fecal calprotectin for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in primary care: a prospective cohort study. Ann Fam Med. 2016;14(5):443.
32. Al-Salehy ZKA, Mohammad ZAA. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FECAL CALPROTECTIN AND OTHER IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN DIARRHEAL CHILDREN INFECTED WITH ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN THI-QAR PROVINCE, IRAQ. Plant Arch. 2020;20(1):1094.
33. Hestvik E, Tumwine JK, Tylleskar T, Grahnquist L, Ndeezi G, Kaddu-Mulindwa DH, et al. Faecal calprotectin concentrations in apparently healthy children aged 0-12 years in urban Kampala, Uganda: a community-based survey. BMC Pediatr. 2011;11(1):5.
34. Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL. The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81:202.
35. Grober JS, Bowen BL, Ebling H, Athey B, Thompson CB, Fox DA, et al. Monocyte-endothelial adhesion in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. In situ detection of selectin and integrin-dependent interactions. J Clin Invest. 1993;91(6):2615.
36. Al-Hadraawy SK, Abood AH, Zabibah RS, Imarah AA, Almulla AF, Algon AAA. Role of P-selectin, hemopexin, lactoferrin, iron and ferritin in patients with giardiasis and amoebiasis: a narrative review. Russ Open Med J. 2022;11(3):314.
37. Roshidi N, Arifin N. Disease Biomarkers of Giardiasis. Gonzalez Salazar F, editor. J Parasitol Res [Internet]. 2022;2022:9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1932518
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright Notice
Authors retain copyright and grant the SJPAS journal right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in Samarra Journal of Pure and Applied Science.
The Samarra Journal of Pure and Applied Science permits and encourages authors to archive Pre-print and Post-print items submitted to the journal on personal websites or institutional repositories per the author's choice while providing bibliographic details that credit their submission, and publication in this journal. This includes the archiving of a submitted version, an accepted version, or a published version without any Risks.
